篮球史History of Basketball
篮球运动是1891年由美国马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德（Springfrield）市基督教青年会训练学校体育教师詹姆士·奈史密斯（JamesNaismith）博士发明的，他当时为了寻找一种比足球低损伤风险的运动。随着20世纪的发展，这项运动传播得非常迅速，并且变得越来越受人们欢迎。一开始只是在美国，然后发展到全世界。当篮球这项运动在美国的大学风靡之后，职业篮球随即而来。1949年，（美国）全国篮球协会（NBA）在美国成立，接着到20世纪末，已经发展成为价值数十亿美元的产业。篮球成为美国文化的重要组成部分。The history of basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts by Canadian physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. The game became established fairly quickly, very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then throughout the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the professional game followed; the American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1949, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century, and basketball became an integral part of American culture.
比赛的发明Invention of the game
我们现在知道的篮球赛是由詹姆斯·奈史密斯1891年12月在斯普林菲尔德创建的，旨在让年轻人在寒冷的天气下可以进行运动。它主要由盛桃子的篮子和一个橄榄球组成。最初詹姆斯·奈史密斯为这项新游戏制定了13条规则。他把他们班的18名学生分成两组，每组9名队员，然后教他们一些关于这个新游戏的基本规则。他将两只篮筐别钉在健身房内看台的栏杆上，这个游戏的目标就是把球扔进水果篮里。每次得分，比赛都得暂停，因为需要拿梯子把篮子里的球拿下来游戏方可继续。不久之后，他们改进了游戏，把篮子的底部去掉了。第一场公开的篮球赛是在1892年3月11日在马萨诸塞州的斯普林菲尔德市举行的。The game of basketball as we know it today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts to condition young athletes during the cold. It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published 13 rules for the new game. He divided his class of 18 into two teams of nine players each and set about to teach them the basics of his new game. The objective of the game was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield, Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.[1]
第一场篮球赛The first basketball game
第一个篮球场：斯普林菲尔德学院The first basketball court: Springfield College
在1891年12月21日，詹姆斯·奈史密斯宣布了比赛的新规则，有5条基本的想法和13条规则。当天，他叫他们班的学生在Armory大街的的场地打比赛，9对99，用一个橄榄球两个桃筐。他其中一个名叫法兰克.马汉的学生就不高兴，就说：呵呵，又一个新游戏。由于詹姆斯·奈史密斯是这个游戏的发明者，所以就有人建议把这项游戏称为“詹姆斯·奈史密斯球”，但詹姆斯就建议说：我们有用到球和果篮，何不把它命名为篮球呢？这18个队员他们分别是：John G. Thompson, Eugene S. Libby, Edwin P. Ruggles, William R. Chase, T. Duncan Patton, Frank Mahan, Finlay G. MacDonald, William H. Davis and Lyman Archibald, George Weller, Wilbert Carey, Ernest Hildner, Raymond Kaighn, Genzabaro Ishikawa, Benjamin S. French, Franklin Barnes, George Day and Henry Gelan。
比赛最终比分是1比0，那1分是由Chase得的。现今的篮球打法跟詹姆斯·奈史密斯最初想的有很多很不一样的地方。最初的时候，篮筐是封闭的，进球了之后需要手工把球取下来，继而发展到在篮筐底部开一个小洞，进球后就木棍把球捅下来。1906年才开始引进金属篮筐，篮网和篮板这些东西。同时，还用斯伯丁的球代替了原来的橄榄球，变成跟我们现在用的球差不多。On December 21, 1891, James Naismith published rules for a new game using five basic ideas and thirteen rules.[3] That day, he asked his class to play a match in the Armory Street court: 9 versus 9, using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. Frank Mahan, one of his students, wasn’t so happy. He just said: "Harrumph. Another new game".[4] However, Naismith was the inventor of the new game. Someone proposed to call it "Naismith Game", but he suggested "We have a ball and a basket: why don’t we call it basketball?"[5] The eighteen players were John G. Thompson, Eugene S. Libby, Edwin P. Ruggles, William R. Chase, T. Duncan Patton, Frank Mahan, Finlay G. MacDonald, William H. Davis and Lyman Archibald, who defeated George Weller, Wilbert Carey, Ernest Hildner, Raymond Kaighn, Genzabaro Ishikawa, Benjamin S. French, Franklin Barnes, George Day and Henry Gelan 1–0.[6] The goal was scored by Chase.[7] There were other differences between Naismith’s first idea and the game played today. The peach baskets were closed, and balls had to be retrieved manually, until a small hole was put in the bottom of the peach basket to poke the ball out using a stick. Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets and backboards introduced. Moreover, earlier the soccer ball was replaced by a Spalding ball, similar to the one used today.
篮球在美国、加拿大以及全球的传播过程中，基督教青年会扮演着最主要的角色。1893年，Mel Rideout在巴黎蒙马特尔举办了第一场欧洲比赛。也是同时期，Bob Gailey去了中国的天津，Duncan Patton去了印度，Genzabaro Ishikawa去了日本，C. Hareek去了波斯（现在的伊朗）。The YMCA had a major role in spreading basketball throughout the United States, Canada, and the world. In 1893, Mel Rideout arranged the first European match in Paris, in Montmartre. At the same time, Bob Gailey went to Tientsin, China,[10] Duncan Patton to India, Genzabaro Ishikawa toJapan, and C. Hareek to Persia.[11]
1914年，第一次世界大战爆发。美国的军队于1917年开始在欧洲打仗。在一战期间，美国的远征军去到哪就把篮球这项运动带到哪。连同军队里的人，共计有几百名体育老师知道篮球。在那期间，奈史密斯还跟法国的基督教青年会在一起待了两年时间。The First World War broke out in 1914, and the U.S. Army started fighting in Europe in 1917. During World War I, the American Expeditionary Force brought basketball wherever it went. Together with the troops, there were hundreds of physical education teachers who knew basketball. Naismith also spent two years with the YMCA in France in that period.[12]
第一个职业联盟建立于1898年。共有六支队伍加入了国家篮球联盟，第一次冠军是特伦顿国民队，接着就是纽约流浪者队，布里斯托尔打桩机队和卡姆登电器 队。此联盟在1904年就被终止了。后来，就有很多小型锦标赛组织诞生，但是他们大部分都不如那些为了打挑战赛挣钱的队伍重要。The first professional league was founded in 1898. Six teams took part in the National Basketball League, and the first champions were the Trenton Nationals, followed by the New York Wanderers, the Bristol Pile Drivers and the Camden Electrics. The league was abandoned in 1904.[13] Then, many small championships were organized, but most of them were not as important as some teams who played for money against challengers.
例如：凯尔特人队被认为是“篮球之父”，并被冠以“世界篮球冠军”，想要跟这支队伍比赛，需要签订一份合约。Jim Furey来负责组织篮球赛， 像马戏团表演那样，他们每天从一个地方到另一个地方。凯尔特人队成为最强的队伍，他们的成功从1922年开始一直持续到1928年，1928年队伍因归属权问题解散。有时候，凯尔特人队会被人误认为是现今NBA波士顿凯尔特人队的前身。但事实上，他们只是用了同一个名字而已，因为NBA历史上的这个波士顿凯尔特人队是从1946年才开始成立的，也就是在老的那支凯尔特人队解散差不多20年后。The Original Celtics, for instance, are considered the "fathers of basketball"[14] and were presented as "World’s Basketball Champions";[14] the players had to sign a contract to play with them, and Jim Furey organized matches as a circus, moving daily from town to town. The Celtics became the strongest team, and their successes lasted from 1922 until 1928, when the team disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA; in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922, the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance).[15] The Rens were the Original Celtics’ usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1.[16] They took part in some official championships and won the first World Professional Basketball Tournament in 1939. The team disbanded in 1949.
在20世纪20年代和30年代，最重要的一些联盟有：东部欧洲联盟（1909年建立），大都会篮球蓝联盟（1921年建立），及美国篮球联盟（1925年建立）。In the 1920s and 1930s, Eastern Basket Ball League (founded in 1909),[17] Metropolitan Basketball League (founded in 1921)[18] and American Basketball League (founded in 1925)[19] were the most important leagues.
篮球联盟于1946年6月6日在纽约建立，是全美篮协会。这个联盟在1049年与NBL合并后，用来NBA这个名字。21世纪早期，NBA是美国最普及，薪资最高，最有天赋，比赛水平最高的最重要的职业篮球联盟。The Basketball league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).The league adopted the name National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949 after merging with the rival National Basketball League (NBL). As of the early 21st century, the NBA is the most significant professional basketball league in the US in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.
NBA帮篮球在世界范围内得到了普及。其中很大一部分原因是因为在这些年打球的球星。这是因为迈克尔-乔丹的比赛，已经到达国际观众那里。在他最后的世界竞标赛，并在1998年第二次退役后，在谁将面对篮球，有了一段时期的空白。不久之后，在沙奎尔-奥尼尔和科比-布莱恩特的帮助下，洛杉矶湖人队取得了三连胜。由于这件事情，布莱恩特能够让篮球在世界范围内的很多地方更受欢迎，最引人注目的是中国。接下来在20019和2010年的竞标赛，帮助他提升了他的受欢迎度。在2015年，他宣称接下来的赛季是他的最后一个赛季。到那个时候，他已经打了20个赛季的比赛。The NBA has helped popularize basketball all over the world. A large part of this is due to the transcendent stars that have played the game through the years. It was because of the play of Michael Jordan basketball started to reach international audiences. After his final championship and second retirement in 1998, there was a void as in who would be the face of basketball. Soon after with the help of Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant would go onto win three straight championships from 2000-2002 with the Los Angels Lakers. Because of this, Bryant was able to make basketball more popular in many places around the world, most noticeably China. Further Championships in 2009 and 2010, helped raise his popularity.[25] In 2015, he announced the following season would be his last. He would have played in 20 seasons by then.[26]
另一位让篮球比赛发生了重大变革的球员是 勒布朗·詹姆斯。他是2003年第一批由 克里夫兰骑士队选出的选秀状元，并且成为了NBA和世界范围内篮球的代名词。James的体型，速度，力量使他在联赛中表现出前所未有的风格。他在2010年离开了克里夫兰骑士队，然后和他的同伴德怀恩; 德怀恩韦德和波什; 克里斯一起加入了迈阿密热火队，但这被看做是最有争议的决定。在他2014年回到克里夫兰骑士队前，他2011年-2012年连续获得两届冠军。Another player who revolutionized the game of basketball was Lebron James. He was taken as the first overall pick in the 2003 Draft, by the Cleveland Cavaliers, and has worked his way to become the face of the NBA and basketball around the world. James's size, quickness and strength has made his style of play unprecedented in the league before. He left the Cavaliers in 2010 to join the Miami Heat along with fellow stars, Dwayne Wade and Chris Bosh in what what become known as the controversial decision[27] He would go on to win back to back championships in 2011 and 2012 before returning to the Cavaliers in 2014.[28]
已经有许多国际球员让这项运动全球化。最引人注目的球员就是姚明。他是被休斯顿火箭队在2002年选中的球员，也是中国的第一个球员。他在NBA打球，将东南亚国家的注意力带到了篮球上。There have been many international players who helped globalize the game. Most noticeably would be Yao Ming. He was the first ever Chinese player to be selected with the number one overall pick in 2002 by the Houston Rockets. His play and presence in the NBA, brought attention to basketball within the Eastern Asian countries.
篮球的发展也随着时间的推移而发展。尤其在20世纪90年代和21世纪，对大个子的人比较重要。比赛节奏比较慢，防守意识比较强。现在，像圣安东尼及金州勇士队，球的转移和团队协作很普遍。比赛毕竟慢慢移除了这种方式。比赛现在的比赛节奏在慢慢加快，并且在进攻时，有了很多三分球。金州勇士队的史蒂夫-库里以他的投篮能力引领着整个队伍。他以这种方式成为最受欢迎的球员，并重新激发了年轻人的投篮理念。The style of basketball has evolved over time as well. Basketball, especially in the 90's and 2000's, used to give importance to big men. Games were slow paced and very defense oriented.Now because of teams like the San Antonio Spurs and the Golden state Warriors, ball movement and team play is more common. The game has slowly moved away from this type of play. The game now is up tempo and teams are starting to involve a lot more three point shooting in their offenses. Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors has been a trendsetter with his shooting abilities. In a way he has popularized and re-energized the notion of shooting among the youth。
当篮球到达欧洲后，发展非常迅速。在1909年，神彼得堡的第一场比赛：圣彼得堡队打基督教青年会的美国队。欧洲的第一场赛事于1919年，盟国运动会期间，在临近德国的圣莫里斯举行。美国在未来名人堂麦克斯·弗雷德曼带领下，赢了意大利和法国。意大利对穿有一座萨瓦顿的房子的白色球衣，球员有Arrigo and Marco Muggiani, Baccarini, Giuseppe Sessa, Palestra, Pecollo and Bagnoli。After its arrival in Europe, basketball developed very quickly. In 1909, there was the first international match in Saint Petersburg: Mayak Saint Petersburg beat a YMCA American team.[33] The first great European event was held in 1919 in Joinville-le-Pont, near Germany, during the Inter-Allied Games. United States, led by future Hall of Fame player Max Friedman, won against Italy and France, and then Italy beat France. Basketball soon became popular among French and Italians. The Italian team had a white shirt with theHouse of Savoy shield and the players were: Arrigo and Marco Muggiani, Baccarini, Giuseppe Sessa, Palestra, Pecollo and Bagnoli.[34]
随着运球运动在世界内的增长，在1932年6月18日，为协调联赛和球队，一个真正的国际组织建立。在那一天，阿根廷，捷克斯洛伐克，希腊，意大利，拉脱维亚，葡萄牙、罗马尼亚和瑞士组建了国际篮球联合会（FIBA）。它第一次包含篮球的基本的工作是在1936年的柏林奥运会。赢得奥运会冠军的第一支国家队是：Sam Balter, Ralph Bishop, Joe Fortenberry, Tex Gibbons, Francis Johnson, Carl Knowles, Frank Lubin, Art Mollner, Donald Piper, Jack Ragland, Willard Schmidt, Carl Shy,Duane Swanson, Bill Wheatley ，康复师是James Needles。在户外黏土球场上打的那场比赛，加拿大是冠军。第一届世界锦标赛于1950年在阿根廷举行。World basketball was growing, but it was on June 18, 1932 that a real international organization was formed, to coordinate tournaments and teams: that day, Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland founded the International Basketball Federation (Fédération internationale de basketball amateur,FIBA) in Geneva.[35] Its work was fundamental for the first inclusion of basketball in the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936. The first Olympic title was won by the U.S. national team:Sam Balter, Ralph Bishop, Joe Fortenberry, Tex Gibbons, Francis Johnson, Carl Knowles, Frank Lubin, Art Mollner, Donald Piper, Jack Ragland, Willard Schmidt, Carl Shy,Duane Swanson, Bill Wheatley and the trainer James Needles. Canada was runner-up; the games were played on an outdoor clay court. The first World Championship was held in Argentina in 1950.[36]
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