thermodynamics n. 热力学
system n. 体系
thermodynamic state 热力学状态
dimension 量纲
SI= International System of Units 国际单位制
intensive thermodynamic variable 强度（热力学）变量
extensive thermodynamic variable 广度（热力学）变量
celsius scale 摄氏刻度 → fahrenheit scale 华氏刻度
kelvin scale 开尔文刻度 → Rankine scale
dead-weight gauge 静压、压力表
mano meter （流体）压力计
product 乘积
kinetic energy 动能
potential energy 势能
conservation 守恒
* Terms in chapter 2
sublimation curve 升华线
fusion curve 熔融线
vaporization curve （蒸发）汽化线
single-phase region 单相区
triple point 三相点
univariant 单变量
divariant 多变量
critical point 临界点
critical pressure 临界压力
critical temperature 临界温度
dome-shaped curve 圆拱形曲线
saturated vapors at their condensation temperatures 露点的饱和蒸汽
saturated liquids at their vaporization(boiling) temperatures 泡点的饱和液体
vapor pressure 蒸汽压
subcooled-liquid region 过冷液体区
superheated-vapor region 过热蒸汽区
partial derivative 偏导数
differentiate v. 求微分，求导 differentiation n.
derivate n. 求导数 derivation 求导数，求解
incompressible fluid 不可压缩流体
ideal-gas 理想气体
simple fluid 简单流体 （argon、krypton、xenon）
virial expansion 维里展开式
virial coefficients 维里系数
virial equation 维里方程
equation of state 状态方程
compressibility factor 压缩因子
volume expansivity 体积膨胀系数
isothermal compressibility 等温压缩系数
acentric factor 偏心因子
isothermal process 等温过程
isobaric process 等压过程
isochoric process 等容过程
adiabatic process 绝热过程
polytropic process 多变过程
throttling process 节流过程
truncate equation to two terms 截断方程前二项
cubic equation of state 立方型状态方程
reduced pressure 对比压力
reduced temperature 对比温度
reduced density 对比密度
corresponding-state parameters 对应态参数
generalized correlations 普遍化关联
nonpolar 非极性的
slightly polar 弱极性的
highly polar 高极性的
volumetric properties 容积性质
realistic 现实主义的，逼真的
dashed line 虚线
dotted line 点线
straight line 实线
internal energy 内能 transport across
kinetic energy 动能
potential energy 势能
conservation 守恒
operator 算符，运算符 （such as “Δ”）
system 体系
surroundings 环境
closed system 封闭体系
open system 开放体系
finite change 有限的变化
infinitesimal change 无限的变化
differential change 微分（小）的变化
intensive property 强度性质
extensive property 广度性质
specific or molar property 单位（比）性质或摩尔性质
property — variable — function
thermodynamics state of the system 体系热力学状态
thermodynamics properties 热力学性质
state function(s) 状态函数
equilibrium 平衡
(the) phase rule 相率
reversible process 可逆过程
irreversible process 不可逆过程
mechanically reversible 机械可逆
thermostate 恒温箱
constant—temperature bath 恒温浴
efficiency 效率，（有效）系数
enthalpy 焓
heat capacity 热容
constant—volume heat capacity 恒容热容
constant—pressure heat capacity 恒压热容
vector quantity 矢量
scalar magnitude 数量，纯量
continuity equation 连续方程
steady state (flow process) 移去（流动过程）
datum level 基准面
shaft work 体积功
stirring work 搅拌功
work associated with moving the flow streams 流动功
expansion work 膨胀功
surface work 表面功
electricity work 电功
calorimeter 量热计(测定焓)
intensive property 强度性质
extensive property 广度性质
shaft work 轴功
enthalpy 焓
entropy 熵
heat-capacity 热容
Gibbs energy (G) 吉布斯自由能
Helmholtz energy (A) 亥姆霍茨自由能
internal energy 内能
system 系统，体系
close system 封闭体系
equilibrium state 平衡态
total differential of F F的全微分
exact differential expression 全微分表达式
Maxwell equations 麦克斯威尔方程
homogeneous fluid 均相流体
residual property 剩余性质
real gas 真实气体 actual gas
ideal gas 理想气体
explicit function 显函数
volume explicit 体积显函数
pressure explicit 压力显函数
isentropic process 等熵过程
reversible adiabatic process 绝热可逆过程
pseudocritical parameter 虚拟临界参数
path variables 过程变量
state variables 状态变量
constant pressure heat capacity CP 等压热容
constant volume heat capacity CV 等容热容
residual property 剩余性质
reference state 参比态
reference condition
partial derivative 偏导数
total derivative 全导数
volume expansivity 体积膨胀系数
isothermal compressibility 等温压缩系数
quality 干度
fugacity 逸度
fugacity coefficient 逸度系数
*Terms in Chapter 4
chemical potential 化学势，化学位
partial property 偏性质
partial molar property 偏摩尔性质
ideal solution 理想溶液
real solution 真实溶液
excess property 超额/过量性质
excess Gibbs energy 超额/过量自由焓
partial excess property 偏摩尔超额/过量性质
activity 活度
activity coefficient 活度系数
standard state 标准态
property change of mixing 混合性质
regular solution 正规溶液
atherpical solution 无热溶液
local-composition 局部组成
local molar fraction 局部摩尔分数
*Terms in Chapter 5
First Law of thermodynamics（energy conservation law）热力学第一定律
steady-state flow processes 稳定状态流动过程
control volume 控制体
heat Engines 热机
Carnot engine 卡诺热机
thermal efficiency 热效率
thermodynamic efficiency 热力学效率
isentropic efficiency 等熵效率
ideal work and lost work 理想功和损耗功
exergy 火用
available Energy, availability, utilizable Energy 有效能
*Terms in Chapter 6
steam Power cycle 蒸汽动力循环
Carnot-engine cycle 卡诺循环
cycle with feed water heaters 抽气回热循环
heat-power cycle 热电循环
exhaust steam 乏气
heat reservoir 热源
working substance of the engine 工质
specific steam consumption 汽耗率SSC
refrigeration Cycle 制冷循环
vapor-compression cycle 蒸汽压缩（制冷）循环
absorption refrigeration 吸收式制冷
Carnot refrigeration 卡诺冷机
reversed heat-engine cycle 逆热机循环
multi-stage compression refrigeration多级压缩制冷
heat pump 热泵
throttling expansion process 节流膨胀过程
reversible adiabatic expansion process 可逆绝热膨胀过程
inversion curve and inversion point 转变曲线和转变点
condenser 冷凝器
expander 膨胀机
compressor 压缩机
evaporator 蒸发器
supheater 过热器
turbine 透平机
boiler 锅炉
pump 泵
*Statements of the second law
statement1: No apparatus can operate in such a way that its only effect (in system and surrounings) is to convert heat absorbed by a system completely into work done by the system。(Klevin)
Statement2: No process is possible which consists solely in the transfer of heat from are temperature lend to a high one。（克劳修斯）
Statement 2 of the second law is the basis for Carnot’s theorem:
For two given heat reservoirs no engine can have a thermal efficiency higher than that of a Carnot engine
*Terms in Chapter 7
criteria for phase equilibrium 相平衡判据
dew point and bubble point 露点和泡点
flash calculation 闪蒸计算
thermodynamics Consistency of VLE data 汽液平衡数据的热力学一致性检验
integral inspection method 积分检验法
relative volatility 相对挥发度
azeotrope 恒沸
azeotropic point 恒沸点
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