I.Match the words and explanations. Put the letters before the numbers
1. prosecute A. discarded, no longer in fashion, out of date
2. sumptuous B. strange, mysterious
3. oblivious C. forgetful or unmindful
4. demolish D. great warmth, zeal, passion
5. juvenile E. difference
6. obsolete F. unessential, irrelevant
7. cryptic G. start legal proceedings in court against sb.
8. fervor H. involving great expense
9. discrepancy I. pull down or destroy completely
10. extraneous J. young and youthful
II. Choose the best answer to fill in each blank. (10’)
1. Little girls and elderly ladies in kimonos ______ teenagers and women in western dress.
a. rubbed shoulders with b. rubbed shoulder with
c. rubbed the shoulder with d. rubbed the shoulders with
2. Hitler was however wrong and we should ______ to help Russia.
a. make all out b. make out all
c. go all out d. go out all
3. This third category _________struggles that can threaten a nation’s survival and must be understood in a global context.. a. is reserved as b. is reserved for
c. is reserved in d. is reserved on
4. The Duchess of Croydon kept firm, tight rein______ her racing mind.
a. in b. inside
c. to d. on
5. If you bear any visible scars of atomic burns, your children will encounter prejudice ______ those who do not.
a. on the side of b. at the side of
c. on the part of d. at the part of
6. Even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest and least ______ place on earth.
a. resistible b. resistable
c. accessible d. inaccessible
7. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to ______ your ear.
a. impinge against b. impinge to
c. impinge at d. impinge on
8. Steamboat decks teemed not only______ the main current of pioneering humanity, but is flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well.
a. up b. of
c. on d. with
9. The Nazi regime is ______ all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination.
a. devoid from b. devoid of
c. devoid out d. devoid away
10. He has been in the _____ for the disturbing images of environmental pollution.
a. observation b. search
c. lookout d. guard
III. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the following sentences.
1.I will unsay no word that I have spoken about it.
2. He will price the item high and yield little in the bargaining.
3. The shop-keepers speak in low, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit.
4. Quite unexpectedly, the strange emotion which had overwhelmed me at the station returned and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment.
IV Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
There is a huge amount of discussion in the literature these days about how one "defines" sustainability, sustainable development, and related concepts. Many argue that the concept is useless because it cannot be "adequately defined." Most of this discussion is misdirected because it attempts to cast the problem as definitional, when in fact it is a problem of prediction, and fails to take into account the many time and space scales over which the concept must apply.
For example, keeping harvest rates of potentially renewable resources such as trees and wildlife below rates of natural renewal should, one could argue, lead to a sustainable natural extraction system. But that is a prediction, not a definition. Usually there is so much uncertainty in our ability to estimate natural rates of renewal and our ability to observe and regulate harvest rates that a simple prediction such as this is, as Ludwig et al. (1993) correctly observe, always highly susceptible.
Likewise, sustainable economic development can only be observed after the fact. Most "definitions" of sustainable development, encompassing elements of a sustainable scale of the economy relative to its ecological life-support system, a fair distribution of resources and opportunities between present and future generations, as well as between agents in the current generation, and an efficient allocation of resources that adequately accounts for natural capital. Note that these three components of sustainable economic development are actually predictors of sustainability and not really elements of a definition. Like all predictions, they are uncertain and are subject to much discussion and disagreement.
The second problem is that when one says a system has achieved sustainability, one does not mean an infinite life span, but rather a life span consistent with its time and space scale. We expect an organism to have a longer life span, the species to have an even longer life span, and the planet to have a longer life span. But no system (even the universe itself in the extreme case) is expected to have an infinite life span.
The real problems are not so much defining the goal as predicting what policies will lead to achievement. Here there is ample room for, and need of, vigorous discussion, debate, analysis, and modeling in order to determine which policies have the best chance of achieving the goal of sustainability. Given the huge uncertainties involved, it is of particular importance in this regard to select policies that are precautionary, that is, they do not take unnecessary risks that could decrease the chances for sustainability, and they do not rely on hoped-for-technological fixes for their successes.
大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深的依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年以来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞、和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。
得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐、堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。
Key
I. 1-5: G, H, C , I , J 6-10: A, B, D, E, F
II. 1-5: a, c, b ,d, c 6-10: c, d, d, b, b
III．
1． 这种讨论大多犯有导向性错误，因为它试图将此问题归结为定义性的，二实际上这是预测性的问题，而且还因为它未考虑到可持续性这一个概念所必须涉及的诸多时、空规模。
2． 例如，人们可以论证说，若将有可能恢复的自然资源（如树木和野生动植物）的收获速度保持在可自然恢复(可持续产出)的速度以下，就可以形成一种可持续获取自然资源的体制。
3． 关于可持续发展的种种定义，大多含有以下要点：经济与生态生命支持系统成比例发展可持续的规模；资源与机会在当代人与未来世代人之间、以及当代人们之间的合理分配；足以充做物质资本的有效资源分拨。
4． 第二个问题是，当有人说某一体制已达到可持续性时，他指的并不是无限的寿命，而是与该体制预期的时、空规模相一致的寿命。
5． 考虑到此事（决定政策）含有不确定因素，在这方面特别重要的是要选择预防性政策；也就是说，这些政策不是冒可能减少可持续发展机会的不必要风险，也不会把自己成功寄托在所指望的技术补救措施上。
IV.
1. The bounty of nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go on.
2. Before I was taken ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of a garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavor and my wings clipped. One spring evening, with myriads of flowers in full bloom in the garden, my parents held a garden party in honor of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears.
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