不定式作定语的用法
不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。
一些名词后常用不定式作定语，如：chance(机会），way(方法），time(时间）等；另外，the first,the second,the last,the only等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词，它们或它们所修饰的代词后，也常用不定式作定语。
不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂，有的是主谓关系；有的是动宾关系；有的是动状关系，还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系。
1、主谓关系的
（1）We must find a person to do the work.
(2) There is no one to take care of her.
(3) In my family, my mother is always the first one to get up.
(4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
(5) We need someone to go and get a doctor.
2、动宾关系的
如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系，不定式里的动词必须是及物动词。注意：是及物动词的，后面不要再加宾语，因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语；是不及物动词的，要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词，只有这样，它才能带上前面的宾语。
（1） He has a lot of books to read.
(2) I would like a magazine to look at.
(3) Here is some advice for you to follow.
(4) Do you have anything else to say?
(5) There is no one to take care of.
(6) She has nothing to worry about.
3、动状关系的
被修饰词如果是不定式里动词的状语，应多用介词短语。由于被修饰词前没有介词，所以只能在不定式里的动词后加介词。
（1）Please give me some paper to write on.
(2) Let’s find a room to put these things in
(3） I have no house to live in.
(4) He has no pen to write with.
(5) There are five pairs to choose from.
4、不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的
被修饰词与不定式里的动词不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的，被修饰词多是些抽象名词。
（1）I have no time to go to the movie.
（2）There’s no need to send for a doctor.
(3) Where’s the best place to meet?
(4) Is that the way to do it?
(5） I’m not sure about his ability to complete the task alone.
练习
1. He has no friend _______(depend) on.
2. He is not the kind of man (do) such things.
3. I have a lot of work (finish) today.
4. There is a good rule ( go ) by.
5. Thank you for giving me the chance (make) the speech.
6. She is always the first ( answer ) questions.
7. Can you find a proper person ( finish) this job in time
动词的-ing形式做定语
动词的-ing形式做定语在句中通常有两个位置，如果是单个的动词的-ing形式做定语，常放在被修饰词前做前置定语;如果是动词的-ing形式的短语做定语，常放在被修饰词后做后置定语。如：
1.He is an attacking player.他是一个攻击型的运动员。
2.He asked an embarrassing question.他提了一个令人难堪的问题。
3.A little child learning to walk often falls.学走路的小孩常常跌跤。
4.Do you know the number of people coming to the party?你知道来参加晚会的人数吗?
注意：当-ing形式做后置定语时，可以相当于相应的定语从句。如：
1.A young man writing novels came to speak to us yesterday.
→A young man who writes novels came to speak to us yesterday.
一位写小说的青年昨天来向我们作报告。
2.The girl sitting next to me was my cousin.
→The girl who was sitting next to me was my cousin.坐在我旁边的姑娘是我表妹。
-ing形式做定语通常从以下三方面考查，即：
1)说明被修饰词的性质，特征或用途。如：
1.They set up an operating table in a small temple.他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。
2.He may be in the reading room，for all I know.他说不定在阅览室里。
3.Ladies and gentlemen，please go and wait in the meeting room.女士们先生们，请去会议室等待。
2)与被修饰词为主动关系且表示正在进行的动作。如：
1.There were about 200 children studying in the art school.有大约二百个孩子在这所艺术学校学习。
2.Who is the woman talking to our English teacher? 正在和我们英语老师谈话的那位妇女是谁?
练习：
1.The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _____.
A.20 dollars remained B.20 dollars to remain C.remained 20 dollars D.remaining 20 dollars.
2.The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ______ the desert.
A.covering B.covered C.cover D.to cover
3.I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ____ Chinese in the school，most _____ were from Germany.
A.study;of whom B.study;of them C.studying;of them D.studying;of whom
4.The question ______ at present has something important to do with our daily life.
A.to be discussing B.to discuss C.been discussed D.being discussed
5.China is a_____country______to the third world.
A.developed;belongs B.developing;belonging C.developing;belongs D.developed;belonged
6.---Who is the man______to the teacher?
---A model worker_____our school.
A.talks，visits B.is talking;is visiting C.talking;visiting D.talking;visited
7.The flowers_____sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A.to smell B.smelling C.smelt D.to be smelt
8. There are a few boys (swim) in the river.
9. There is a car ( wait ) outside.
10 .People (wait) for the bus often sheltered in my doorway.
11. The boy (sit)behind me is my brother.
12. The girl (swim) in the pool is my daughter
过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语有前置和后置两种情况.
1、前置定语
单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义.
a) 被动意义:
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital. 受伤的工人现正在医院受到良好的照料.
b):完成意义:
a retired teacher 一位退休的教师
They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard. 他们正在打扫院子里的落叶.
2、后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句.如:
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written). 这将是这类小说中写得最好的.
The people caught =(who was caught)by the police was a thief. 被警察抓获的那个人是个贼
练习：
1.-----Who would you like to see at the moment?
------ The man_____ John.
A. called him B. we call him C calling D. called
2. The _____ glass cup was ______ by John.
A. breaking; broken B. breaking; breaking C. broken, broken D. broken; breaking
3. English is different from English in many ways.
A. Spoken, written B. Speaking, written C. Spoken, writing D. Speak, write
4. Prices of goods, through a computer, can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
5. Cleaning women in big cities usually get by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
6. The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down
7. With ______ leaves ______ in the earth every year, the soil becomes richer and richer.
A. falling; burying B. fallen; buried C. fallen; burying D. falling; buried
8. She asked if there was anything _______ for tonight.
A. to plan B. planned C. that plans D. planning
9. I smell something __________ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute?
A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt
10. He felt very ______after finishing his work.
A excited B exciting C excite D badly
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