丝绸之路
丝绸之路(the Silk Road)是历史上连接中国和地中海的一条重要 贸易路线。因为这条路上的丝绸贸易占绝大部分，所以在1877年它 被德国的一位地理学家命名为“丝绸之路”。这条古道从长安开始， 经过河西走廊(the Hexi Corridor),到达敦煌后分成三条：南部路线， 中部路线和北部路线。这三条路遍布新疆维吾尔自治区(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region)，然后扩展到巴基斯坦(Pakistan)，印度， 甚至罗马。
The Silk Road is a historically important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean. Because silk comprised a large proportion of trade along this road, in 1877, it was named the Silk Road by an eminent German geographer. This ancient road begins at Chang’an, then by way of the Hexi Corridor，and it reaches Dunhuang, where it divides into three, the Southern Route，Central Route and North¬ern Route. The three routes spread all over the Xinjiang Uygur Autono¬mous Region, and then they extend as far as Pakistan, India and even Rome.
毕业生过剩
2008全球经济衰退导致中国的新毕业生的就业市场显著下降。 2009年毕业的学生将加入到2008年毕业仍在找工作的300万学生 之中。毕业生过剩(glut)也可以归因于大学入学率的提高和教育机构 的增加。虽然大学的学生人数增加了，但是他们的质量并没有明显 地提高。在大多数情况下，毕业生无法在2008年找到合适的就业机 会是因为他们没有行业所需的技能。
The 2008 global recession resulted in a significant drop in the job market for China’s new graduates. Students graduating in 2009 will join around three million students who graduated in 2008 and are still seeking job opportunities. The graduate glut can also be attributed to a rise in the number of college enrollments and educational institutions. Although the number of college students has increased, there has not been any significant improvement in their quality. In most cases, graduates were unable to find suitable employment in 2008 because they did not have the skills required by the industry.
茶
中国是茶的故乡。据说早在五六千年前，中国就有了茶树(tea- shrub),而且有关茶树的人类文明可以追溯到两千年前。来自中国的 茶和丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)—样，在1000年前为世界所知，而且一 直是中国重要的出口产品。目前世界上40多个国家种植茶，其中亚 洲国家的产量占世界总产量的90%。其他国家的茶树都直接或间接 地起源于中国。
China is the homeland of tea. It is believed that China has tea- shrubs as early as five to six thousand years ago，and human cultivation of teaplants can date back two thousand years. Tea from China，along with her silk and porcelain, began to be known the world over more than a thousand years ago and has since always been an important Chinese export. At present more than forty countries in the world grow tea with Asian countries producing 90% of the world’s total output. All tea trees in other countries have their origin directly or indirectly in China.
中国GDP
自从1978年经济改革以来，中国已经完成了从中央计划经济 (centrally planned economy)向市场经济(market based economy)的转变。超过6亿人已经脱离了贫困，但是仍然有超过1.7亿人生活在 国际贫困线以下 天少于1.25美元。2012年，中国的人均GDP 为12405.67美元，这是30年前的37倍。到2018年，中国的人均 GDP将从世界第90位上升到第75位。然而，这仍然是低于预计的 世界平均水平。
Since initiating market reforms in 1978，China has shifted from a centrally planned to a market based economy. More than 600 million citizens have been lifted out of poverty, but over 170 million people still live below the $1.25-a-day international poverty line. In 2012, China’s GDP (PPP) per capita was $12,405.67. This is 37 times higher than what it was just 30 years ago. By 2018，China’s GDP per capita will climb from the 90th to 75th highest in the world. This however will still be below the forecasted world average.
剪纸
剪纸(paper cutting)是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。 中国剪纸有_千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在 春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。 剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地 很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。
Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors，windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.
大熊猫
大熊猫(Giant Pandas),作为中国的国宝，被认为是活化石。中 国大熊猫主要生活在中国中西部和西南部，是目前濒临灭绝的物种。 换句话说，中国大熊猫的故乡是四川。四川成都大熊猫繁育和研究中心(Chengdu Panda Breeding and Research Centre) 大熊猫的家，是市区附近最大的大熊猫基地。
Giant Pandas, regarded as a national treasure of China, are considered a living fossil. Chinese Pandas mainly lives in central-western and southwest China，and is currently an endangered species. In other words, the hometown of Chinese panda is Sichuan. And Chengdu Panda Breeding and Research Centre in Suchuan — home of the Panda is the biggest panda base near the urban district.
中国经济放缓
就像向中国出售商品的公司会看到收益有损失一样，中国经济 活动放缓有着世界性的影响。包括澳大利亚、巴西和东南亚在内的 其他国家近年来都看到了巨大的利润，因为中国对自然资源有需求。 中国的需求下降巳经对很多商品的价格有了影响。上周，中国财政 部长楼继伟表示,今年的经济增长可能为7%,而这不一定是“底线”。
A slowdown in economic activity in China has a global impact as companies that sell to China may see revenues suffer. Countries includ¬ing Australia, Brazil and others in South East Asia have seen huge profits in recent years because of Chinese demand for natural resources. The fall in demand from China has already had an impact on the prices of many commodities. Last week，China’s Finance Minister Lou Jiwei indicated that economic growth could be 7% for the year, and that this may not be the “bottom line”.
京剧
京剧(Beijing Opera)是中国的国粹。作为一门古老的艺术，京 剧的服装（costume)、脸谱(facial mask)更易被人喜爱。不同的服装 类型反映不同的人物身份特征。富贵者的服装缀满精美的刺绣;穷困 者的服装则简单朴素，少有装饰(elemental)。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物 形象的重要手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜 色让人一看便知角色(portray)的善恶。比如白色代表奸诈(treachery)， 黑色代表正直不阿，黄色是骁勇，蓝、绿色多用于绿林好汉(rebellious fighters)，金、银色多用于神佛(divinity and Buddhism)等。
Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture. As a tradi¬tional art form, its costumes and facial mask are more popular with peo¬ple. Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters. There are more decorations in the costumes of nobles，while those of the poor tend to be simple and less elemental. Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters. Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character. People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks. In general，white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters，while gold and silver represent di¬vinity and Buddhism.
月饼由来
关于吃月饼这个传统的来历有两个传说。一个是唐朝的神话故事，说的是当时地球被10个太阳包围着。有一天10个太阳同时出现在天空中，巨大的热量几乎把地球烤焦了。多亏一位名叫后羿的神箭手射下了9个太阳，地球才被保住。为了奖励后羿，王母娘娘赐给后羿一种长生不老药，但是王母警告他必须正当使用。然而后羿没有理会王母娘娘的警告，他被名利冲昏了头脑，变成了一个暴君。后羿美丽的妻子嫦娥对他的暴行再也不能袖手旁观，于是她偷走了后羿的长生不老药，飞到月亮上逃避后羿的狂怒。从此就有了关于月宫仙子嫦娥，这个月亮上的美丽女人的传说。
关于吃月饼这个传统的来历有两个传说。
关于吃月饼这个传统的来历有两个传说。
There are two legends which claim to explain the tradition of eating mooncakes.
我们在翻译“关于......”的时候，最常用的就是about，而本句翻译用了which引导定语从句claim to explain......，换一种表达方式，可以让句式更新颖。大家可以记住这个用法哦。
一个是唐朝的神话故事，说的是当时地球被10个太阳包围着。
One Tang Dynasty myth holds that the Earth once had 10 suns circling it.
hold在这里用的很地道，汉语的两个半句，翻译成英文，用一个that就给衔接上了，可见翻译时，不必拘泥于原汉语句子的结构，如果自己能把意思表达很到位，而且句式很清晰，就可以尝试。
注意“被包围”本句中的翻译用了had 10 suns circling it。
有一天10个太阳同时出现在天空中，巨大的热量几乎把地球烤焦了。
One day all 10 suns appeared at once, scorching the planet with their heat.
“有一天”翻译为one day，其实并没有什么奇特之处。
“同时出现”appeared at once，这个at once还可以表示“同时”，大家切记哦。
其实汉语的两个半句，翻译过来可以用两个完整的英语句子来表示，但这里的翻译退而求其次，用了现在分词scorching引导的伴随状语，表示一种结果，不失为很好的翻译方式哈。
多亏一位名叫后羿的神箭手射下了9个太阳，地球才被保住。
It was thanks to a skillful archer named Hou Yi that the Earth was saved. He shot down all but one of the suns.
注意“多亏”的翻译是It was thanks to。这的翻译大家看下英语的后半句，汉语里有“9”这个数字，但翻译过来，却只有一个数字one，但表示的意思却相同-剩下了一个太阳。翻译有时候就是这么奇特，没有特定的标准。
为了奖励后羿，王母娘娘赐给后羿一种长生不老药，但是王母警告他必须正当使用。
As his reward, the Heavenly Queen Mother gave Hou Yi the Elixir of Immortality, but she warned him that he must use it wisely.
本句翻译很简单，中英翻译比较平衡。注意几个专有名词。
“王母娘娘” the Heavenly Queen Mother
“长生不老药”Elixir of Immortality
use sth wisely：正当使用某物
然而后羿没有理会王母娘娘的警告，他被名利冲昏了头脑，变成了一个暴君。
Hou Yi ignored her advice and, corrupted by fame and fortune, became a tyrannical leader.
翻译这个句子时，首先要考虑到用何种句式，能够使自己的翻译看起来清晰明了而不繁琐。这里用了and，连接两个动词过去式引导的分句。
没有理会也就是忽视，ignore。
名利：fame and fortune
暴君： a tyrannical leader
后羿美丽的妻子嫦娥对他的暴行再也不能袖手旁观，于是她偷走了后羿的长生不老药，飞到月亮上逃避后羿的狂怒。
Chang-Er, his beautiful wife, could no longer stand by and watch him abuse his power so she stole his Elixir and fled to the moon to escape his angry wrath.
本句翻译中用了两个and，来衔接句意，英语就是这么注重前后的衔接。
袖手旁观：stand by
从此就有了关于月宫仙子嫦娥，这个月亮上的美丽女人的传说。
And thus began the legend of the beautiful woman in the moon, the Moon Fairy.
and thus began这个句首大家可以多用用。
澳门，南海之滨一颗闪耀的明珠，以她的风采、沧桑和辉煌，更以1999年12月20日这个不同寻常的日子，吸引着全世界的目光。
A shining pearl on the coast of South China, Macao attracts the world’s attention for her charm, history of great events and glory, especially for the unusual date of December 20, 1999.
本句翻译没有完全按照汉语语序，而是用英语特有的翻译方式来凸显一些值得大家注意的细节。
South China Sea 表示中国南海，不是“南中国海”
East China Sea 东海
自古以来，澳门就是中国的领土，中华儿女世世代代在这里繁衍生息。
Macao has been the territory of China ever since the ancient times. TheChinese people have been living and working there for generations.
汉语为一个长句，但翻译为英文就要注意，要分成两个句子。
自古以来：ever since
早在80年代，世纪伟人邓小平就提出了"一国两制"的伟大构想。
Early in the 80s, Mr. Deng Xiaoping, one of the great figures of thecentury, put forward the bold concept of "One Country, Two Systems".
注意“80年代”这种翻译方式
伟人：great figure
提出：put forward
一国两制：One Country, Two System
1997年7月1日，中华人民共和国恢复对香港行使主权。
On July 1,1997, the People’s Republic of China resumed her sovereignty over Hong Kong.
本句是个简单句，很好翻译。
恢复对......行使主权：resume one's sovereignty over
今年，澳门又将彻底结束外国管治，回到祖国怀抱，这是中华民族的又一件历史盛事，它标志着中国人民向着祖国统一的伟大目标又迈出了重大的步。澳门的明天一定会更好美好。
This year, Macao will completely get rid of the foreign regime and return tomotherland. This is another great historical event for the Chinese people. Itsymbolizes another big step for the Chinese people on their way towards thegreat goal of the country’s reunification. Macao’s future is sure to be evenbrighter.
本汉语长句翻译成英语，共用了4个英语完整句。汉语可能任何时候都可以用逗号来衔接两个整句，但英语不可以，完整句后必须用句号或表示相同概念的标点。
如果说我确实有所成就的话，那也只是因为我坚信不断尝试就会成功。
The only reason I’ve managed to accomplish anything isbecause I am a firm believer in continuous improvement.
翻译这个句子的时候，用了句式the only reason is...because，大家看到汉语“如果说......”可能会一下头脑晕掉，不知道怎么来翻译，但换一个方式，不用if等其它表示如果的单词或词组，也不失为一种迂回翻译的好方法哦。
注意：
我坚信： I am a firm believer （汉语的动词翻译成英文成了“形容词+名词”的形式，亲，你翻译的时候会不会这么做呢？）
遇到挫折时，你可以暂时把问题放一放，一味纠结不仅无济于事，有时反倒使情况更糟。
If you fail insomething, distance from the event for a day or two, because agonizing over theproblem will not make it go away (and will make it a lot worse).
遇到挫折：fail insomething
暂时：for a day or two（for a day or two有时并不仅仅指一两天，还可以表示暂时哦）
纠结：agonizing over theproblem
先去读一本好书、见见久未谋面的好友或去户外骑游一番；再回头看待问题，你或许会感到柳暗花明。
Read a goodbook, catch up with some friends you haven’t seen in a long time, or go on anature hike. You will be able to look at the issue with a fresh perspective.
柳暗花明：a fresh perspective（将汉语里的成语翻译成英文，很多时候都找不到固定的英语翻译，我们就可以根据意思，用自己熟悉的单词或词组来表示它的意思，只要保证意思不变就可以哦）
户外骑游：go on anature hike
这样做后，别忘了多加反省：“为什么这个方法会奏效？下次能不能做得更好呢？”
After you have done that, ask yourself: “Why did this work out and how can Ido better next time?”
奏效：work out
看你定的是什么目标，这种方法可以被反复有效应用。如果你坚定不移地持续提升自己，最后成功肯定非你莫属。孜孜不倦向来无敌。
This process very well could repeat itself several times depending on the nature of your goal, but if you keep making a firm commitment to continuously improve yourself, you will develop so much that the only option left is success. Consistent hustle always wins.
最后这句翻译，用but把汉语的两个句子衔接起来，不失为一种极好的衔接方式。而且大家注意下我已经标红的very well could repeat，本来可以是could repeat very well，但very well放到前面更地道，大家平时可以多看一些翻译资料，多多积累，自然就会翻译出地道的英文咯~
总结一年来的工作，我们清醒地看到，经济社会发展中还存在不少问题和困难。
In reviewing our work of the past year, we clearly see that many problems and difficulties remain in our economic and social development.
总结用review，在这里用了现在分词形式，不失为一种简单而又正式的方式。在后半句的翻译中，英文和汉语语序整体大相反，注意“经济社会发展”的表达方式：in economic and social development.
必须坚持把人民群众利益放在第一位。
We must always put the interests of the people first.
这句话翻译起来比较简单，注意“把......放在第一位”put...first。
要切实维护人民群众的经济、政治和文化权益，着力解决关系群众切身利益的突出问题，保障城乡困难群众的基本生活。
We must truly protect the people‘s economic, political and cultural rights and interests, pay particular attention to solving acute problems affecting their vital interests, and ensure that poor urban and rural residents have the basic necessities of life.
翻译整段，必然会有个别长句，这就需要我们把握整体结构，表明大意即可。 这段话是很正式的会议截取，所以咱们翻译时很多词组或者句子结构都是有据可循的。比如这句“着力解决关系群众切身利益的突出问题”，翻译的时候，没有完全按照汉语语序，而是把“关系群众切身利益”翻译为现在分词作后置定语结构 affecting their vital interests。
注意固定词组与句式：
维护人民群众的经济、政治和文化权益 protect the people‘s economic, political and cultural rights and interests
着力解决......pay particular attention to solving （记住，pay attention to doing/sth 这个固定结构）
不断满足人们日益增长的物质文化需要，是社会主义现代化建设的根本目的。
The fundamental goal of our socialist modernization drive is to continually meet the growing material and cultural needs of the people.
这句话翻译出来，也是将汉语语序颠倒后进行的翻译。用了to do不定式做表语。这句话大家可以完全背诵下来。
只有执政为民，我们的各项事业才能获得最广泛最可靠的群众基础和力量源泉。
Only if we exercise power for the good of the people can we enjoy the broadest and most reliable support from the people and draw from them the strength for accomplishing all our undertakings.
只有......才......这个结构需要用到英文结构only if。后半句汉语很复杂，所以英语翻译时，用了两个and连接的分句，来更清楚正确地表达汉语的意思。
注意固定词组与句式：
执政为民 exercise power for the good of the people
我们的各项事业 all our undertakings
涌入大城市
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: City Problems. You should write at least 120 words .following the outline given below in Chinese:
1. 越来越多的人涌入大城市，有些问题随之产生
2. 比较明显的问题有……
3.我对这种现象的想法
范文：
City Problems
Nowadays,millions of migrant workers flock into cities in search of jobs and better living.However,with the sharp rise in the urban population,many problems arise in the development of cities.
Firstly,cities become more and more crowded,putting much pressure upon transportation,housing,sanitation,education,employment and so on,City services and facilities have been strained to a breaking point.Secondly, a growing number of private cars emit a huge amount of carbon dioxide ,leaving the aire mercilessly polluted. What is more,the city is also threatened by an increase in crime.There is not a single day passing without the report of someone being robbed ,kidnapped or even murdered.
last but not least,city-dwellers are not only separated from the nature but also isolated from each other,even not knowing the name of their next-door neighbor.
All these problems have harmed the attractiveness of the city.More and more people may seek to live in the suburbs if there isn't any improvement.
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